Interesting observation: thank you for your diligence and I await clarification from the researchers. In my view, treatment of tropical diseases is important, but the number of people affected by Schistosoma
is far lower than those affected by malaria. Therefore, I devote more of my computing resources to malaria research.

The affirmation is correct. Our Project searching drugs for S. mansoni, because S. mansoni is endemic in Brazil. But drugs for S. mansoni is used for other schistosoma parasites.
Malaria is worse Neglected Tropical Diseases, but schistomose is the second.

That the need for discovery and development of drugs against schistosomiasis and food-borne trematodiasis is a pressing one is justified on the following grounds. Firstly, no vaccines are presently available for the prevention of these diseases and the tasks ahead and resources required for developing effective vaccines are substantial. Secondly, there are operational challenges and resource constraints regarding the implementation of other preventive measures such as access to clean water and adequate sanitation. Thirdly, changing human behaviour (e.g., avoiding water contact to prevent schistosome transmission and properly cooking aquatic products to avoid food-borne trematode infections) is difficult. Hence, the use of safe and efficacious drugs is the key strategy for individual treatment and community-based morbidity control of schistosomiasis and food-borne trematodiasis.
At present, however, few drugs are available for the treatment and control of trematode infections. In the case of schistosomiasis, praziquantel is virtually the only drug left to treat infected patients and, thus, prevent morbidity.

Currently, oxaminiquine and praziquantel are the drugs used for the treatment of schistosomiasis, yet both have limitations such as low efficacy in the treatment of acute schistosomiasis, low activity on S. mansoni in the immature and treatments fail due to the occurrence of resistance or tolerance.

Thanks again for you help.

OT: misled is correct. Per American Heritage Dictionary:

mis·led (ms-ld)
v.
Past tense and past participle of mislead.

Cheers

Hi Matt,

Most infections are caused by Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium or S. japonicum, with two other species (S. intercalatum and S. mekongi) contributing less to the case load.
Current treatment is based mainly on a single drug, praziquantel, which was introduced over 25 years ago. Praziquantel is safe, well tolerated and effective as a single-dose treatment. However, treatment failures have been reported, and it is likely that increasing resistance of parasites to the drug accounts for some of these cases.
Oxamniquine can be used as an alternative anti-schistosomal drug, but it is not effective against S. haematobium. Repeated infection induces some degree of immunity to the parasite in humans, so na effective vaccine could offer a promising alternative to chemotherapy or be used in conjunction with it,36 but so far no such vaccine is available.

The search for potential drug targets has been facilitated and stimulated by the availability of the genome sequence for two schistosomes (Berriman et al. 2009, The Schistosoma japonicum Genome Sequencing and Functional Analysis Consortium 2009). The search for schistosome-specific molecules in vital pathways would in theory permit the development of drugs with no adverse effect on the host.

The drug has a significant action against taenia¬sis, cysticercosis and different species of Schistosoma including: hematobium, mansoni, japonicum, mecongi and intercalatum, as shown in preliminary studies by Davis and Wegner (1979), Ishisaki et al. (1979) and Katz et al. (1979), among others. It has been commercialised in Brazil by Merck under the names Cestox® and Cisticid® and under the generic name Praziquantel.