A pioneering circuit innovation could significantly enhance the endurance of miniature devices, such as microdrones and other microrobotics, while maintaining their lightweight and compact structure. Researchers from the University of California San Diego and CEA-Leti have developed a novel self-sustaining circuit system that incorporates miniaturized solid-state batteries, achieving both high energy density and minimal weight.The findings will be presented at the 2025 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), scheduled for February 16–20 in San Francisco.One promising application for microdrones is their potential role in disaster response. In scenarios such as building collapses, conventional robots may be too large to navigate tight spaces. However, a swarm of minuscule, wing-flapping drones—small enough to perch on a fingernail—could access confined areas to detect chemical hazards or locate trapped individuals.The challenge, however, lies in providing these tiny devices with sufficient power to sustain flight. Given their extremely low weight (ideally tens of grams or less), they cannot carry large batteries, limiting their flight time to just a few minutes.“To maximize flight time, every component—including the battery and power-processing electronics—must be as lightweight as possible,” explained Patrick Mercier, a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at UC San Diego and co-senior author of the study. “It’s a delicate trade-off that requires innovative solutions.”A Novel Approach to Powering MicrorobotsMicrorobots typically rely on piezoelectric microactuators, which convert electrical signals into precise mechanical movement. These actuators require high voltages—often tens to hundreds of volts—while standard lithium-ion batteries provide only around 4 volts. Conventional voltage boosters, such as inductors and capacitors, are too bulky and heavy for such small devices.To overcome this limitation, Mercier and his team, including co-first author Zixiao Lin, a Ph.D. student in electrical and computer engineering at UC San Diego, opted for an unconventional solution. “Our breakthrough leverages emerging solid-state batteries, which can be scaled down without losing energy density,” said Gaël Pillonnet, scientific director of CEA-Leti’s Silicon Component Division and co-senior author of the paper.Rather than relying on a single, larger battery, the researchers developed an approach that involves dividing the battery into multiple smaller units—10, 20, or even more. Each of these smaller units retains the same energy density as the original battery.
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The Flying Battery ConfigurationWith these segmented batteries, the team designed a unique circuit using a "flying battery" configuration. Unlike traditional battery setups, which remain fixed, this system dynamically adjusts how individual battery units are connected in real time to meet varying energy demands.The batteries can be linked in series to increase voltage or in parallel to maximize energy storage capacity. When higher voltage is required—for instance, to power a microactuator—the system connects the battery units in series, stacking them incrementally until the necessary voltage is achieved. Conversely, when less power is needed, the batteries are switched to a parallel configuration to optimize energy efficiency.This rapid switching between series and parallel modes occurs in mere milliseconds—without the need for additional bulky components—marking a significant advancement in energy management for microrobotics.
