My understanding of this line is that it is a list of the firmware patches that have been applied to the processor. I believe that Intel will have supplied a file (or set of files) to Ubuntu who will then have bundled it into the OS so that they will have been applied to your hardware when you installed the OS. Whether this might have affected Turboboost I cannot say.

I know I can on my machine. There should be options in the bios when starting up to select the boot order. Secure boot uefi can be disabled.

Run a derivative of Redhat's enterprise Linux here. As the summer temperatures can get very high here in Australia and have no air conditioning , the CPU frequency in several systems is now controlled to maintain a constant CPU temperature.

http://www.sraellis.tk/frame.php?number=26&monitor=cputemp - looking at the 'year' graph for Nov 2016 you can see the CPU temp was way too high and the subsequent decrease in temperature over the following months as controlling scripts were developed. The CPU temperature is now pretty constant, regardless of room temperature. Room temperature is also monitored, see - https://www.sraellis.com/altern.php?number=17...m_temp&alternative=26

http://www.sraellis.tk/frame.php?number=26&monitor=cpufreq - here you can see how the CPU frequency is monitored.

A discussion of the techniques used can be found here - http://www.sraellis.tk/master.php?topic=control_cpu_temp. Note that these are my initial investigations into the 'nuts and bolts' and the current scripts in use have seen much development since the examples shown.